Madhva-Gauḍīya-sampradāya

Hare Krishna Movement belongs to the Brahma-Sampradāya. HDG A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Viswa Guru Srila Prabhupada, the founder-acharya of the Worldwide Hare Krishna Movement is the 32nd or the current Acharya in this divine chain of Disciplic Succession.

What is a Sampradāya?

The Sanskrit word Sampradāya means “a tradition” and it refers to the unbroken inheritance of wisdom transmitted from the teacher to the student. Sam means “together” and pradaya means “giving or handing down.”  Sampradāya maintains its most essential position in the Vedic Literature as the knowledge must be received from the masters otherwise the acquired knowledge through sense perception is bound to imperfections. The imperfect material senses of a conditioned soul cannot lead one to perfect knowledge and one must take guidance from the perfected teacher in an authorised Sampradāya.

Srimad Bhagavad-Gita refers the term Sampradāya by using the word “paramparā”, evaṁ paramparā-prāptam - this supreme science was thus received through the chain of disciplic succession (BG 4.2).

Four Authorised Sampradāyas

The Padma Purana mentions 4 authorised Vaishnava Sampradāyas (the disciplic successions which maintains Lord Vishnu as the Supreme).

sri-brahma-rudra-sanakah vaisnavah ksiti-pavanah: The founders of these four Vaisnava Sampradāyas are Laksmi or Sri, Brahma, Rudra and Sanaka Rishi.

1. Sri-Sampradāya

• Founder: Sri Laksmi Devi (the consort of Lord Vishnu)
• Prominent Acharya: Sri Ramanujacharya
• Philosophy: Visistadvaita Vedanta (Krishna is one but souls are dependent part of him)
• Main Teachings: Krishna is supreme and the souls are dependent •Emphasis on worship of Lakshmi-Narayan •Devotion to Lord Vishnu with surrender leads to liberation •The lord has impersonal (Brahman) and personal (Bhagwan) features but Bhagwan is supreme
• Main Scriptures: Sri Bhasya (Ramanuja’s commentary on the Vedanta Sutras), Bhagavad Gita, Vishnu Purana. The introduction of prapatti (total surrender) by this school represents the simplest method to achieve salvation.
• Prominent Followers: Sri Vaishnavas (mainly in South India, temples like Srirangam, Tirupati).

2. Brahma-Sampradāya

• Founder: Lord Brahma serves as the founder of Brahma Sampradāya because he stands as the first created being and secondary creator of the universe.
• Prominent Acharya: Sri Madhvacharya (1238–1317 CE)
• Philosophy: Dvaita Vedanta (Krishna is completely different from Soul)
• Main Teachings: It describes the origin of spiritual knowledge and glorifies Krishna as the Supreme Personality of Godhead. •The Supreme Lord stands above all else which means the soul needs to practice bhakti to serve Him. • Liberation means eternal service to Krishna in Goloka Vrindavan Dham
• Main Scriptures: Brahma Sūtra Bhāṣya, Bhagavad Gita, Mahabharat (Tatparya Nirṇaya).
• Prominent Followers: Madhva Vaishnavas (mainly in Karnataka and Udupi).

3. Rudra-Sampradāya

• Founder: Lord Shiva (Rudra)
• Prominent Acharya: Sri Vishnuswami and later Sri Vallabhacharya (1479–1531 CE) -Philosophy:Suddhadvaita Vedanta (Everything is Krishna but he remains supreme)
• Main Teachings: Krishna is Supreme and everything it the universe is his expansion •Bhakti should be performed in pure love without any expectation •Introduced the Pushti where Krishna showers mercy freely •Bhakti is independent and doesn't depend on Karma or Jnana
• Main Scriptures: Bhagavad Gita, Srimad Bhagavatam, Vallabha’s commentaries. Vallabha established Pushti Marga as his method of divine grace through which he introduced ragānuga bhakti that reflects spontaneous loving devotion. The members of Vallabha Sampradāya primarily live in Gujarat and Rajasthan under the name Pushtimargis.
• Special Influence: Followers focus on the worship of Sri Nathji in temples like Nathdwara.

4. Kumara-Sampradāya

• Founder: The Four Kumaras (Sanaka, Sanandana, Sanatana, Sanatkumara – eternal sages and great devotees of Lord Vishnu)
• Prominent Acharya: Sri Nimbarkacharya (circa 12th century CE)
• Philosophy: Dvaitadvaita Vedanta (Soul is both one with and different fro Krishna)
• Main Teachings: Through bhakti devotion the jiva can attain liberation while surrendering to the supreme Lord. The most elevated form of devotion exists when one experiences natural love towards Radha & Krishna
• Main Scriptures: Bhagavad Gita, Srimad Bhagavatam, Vedanta Sutras with Nimbarka’s commentary. Nimbarka established Radha-Krishna devotion as the most elevated form of religious practice.
• Prominent Followers: Nimbarka Sampradāya (mainly in Vrindavan, Rajasthan, and parts of North India

Only those who recieve knowledge from these authorized Sampradaya can understand the truth about Krishna any teachings outside these Sampradaya are misleading.

Brahma-Sampradāya or Madhva-Gauḍīya-sampradāya

The current Brahma-Sampradāya is known as the Madhva-Gauḍīya-sampradāya. It is originated from the first created being Lord Brahma himself, who received the knowledge directly from Lord Krishna within his heart. The names of the subsequent acharyas coming in the succession are as follows:

1. Krishna
2. Brahma
3. Narada
4. Vyasa
5. Madhva
6. Padmanabha
7. Narahari
8. Madhava
9. Akshobhya
10. Jaya Tirtha
11. Jnanasindhu
12. Dayanidhi
13. Vidyanidhi
14. Rajendra
15. Jayadharma
16. Purusottama
17. Brahmanya Tirtha
18. Vyasa Tirtha
19. Lakshmipati
20. Madhavendra Puri
21. Ishvara Puri, (Nityananda, Advaita)
22. Lord Chaitanya
23. Rupa Goswami, (Svarupa, Sanatana Goswami)
24. Raghunatha, Jiva Goswami
25. Krishnadasa
26. Narottama
27. Vishvanatha
28. Srila Jagannatha Dasa Babaji Maharaja, (Srila Baladeva Vidyabhushana)
29. Srila Bhaktivinoda Thakura
30. Srila Gaurakishora Dasa Babaji Maharaja
31. Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura
32. AC Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada

Need of Sampradāya

Sampradāya is the essential ingredient while passing down the knowledge in every field of life be it material or spiritual. Vedic Scriptures warns one to not be doomed on the path of Self-realization by following any path haphazardly.

The Padma Purāṇa states:

sampradāya-vihīnā ye mantrās te niṣphalā matāḥ

“Any mantra that does not come in disciplic succession is considered to be useless.”

The Viṣṇu-yāmala states:

adīkṣitasya vāmoru kṛtaṁ sarvaṁ nirarthakam

"Unless one is initiated by a bona fide spiritual master, all his devotional activities are useless.”

The bonafide spiritual master coming in the authorised disciplic succession is called “a transparent via medium” between the Lord and the neophyte devotee, since he doesn’t alter the original teachings. If there is an alteration during transmitting the knowledge to a student the teacher is to be better called a cheater. This point can be understood from the example of Srimad Bhagavad-Gita book. Once when Srila Prabhupada was asked by an American lady to recommend an English version of Bhagavad-Gita to read, he was unable to do so although there were plenty of Gitas were available in the market written by the so-called scholars of Sanskrit and philosophy. But since the writers were themselves disconnected from any authorised succession of Sampradāya their writings were all simply mundane concoctions. In the words of Srila Prabhupada…

When I was in America in 1966, one American lady asked me to recommend an English edition of Bhagavad-gītā so that she could read it. But honestly I could not recommend any one of them, on account of their whimsical explanation. That gave me impetus to write Bhagavad-gītā As It Is.

In essence the Sampradāya contains the essence of the real wisdom which is otherwise missed and in order to succeed in the Spiritual Life one must follow one of the bonafide Sampradāya otherwise he will never successfully advance in spiritual life.